2008年考研英语阅览真题及解析【第四篇】(2008年考研英语一真题及答案解析)

passage4注解：标题为赤色，翻译为蓝色，分析为绿色。????????in 1784, five years before he became president of the united states, george washington, 52, was nearly toothless. so he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw(下巴,下巴口腔)—having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.
????????that’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping george most people remember from their history books. but recently, many historians have begun to focus on the role slavery played in the lives of the founding generation(founding generation创国的那一代人，开国功臣). they have been spurred in part by dna evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved thomas jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave sally hemings. and only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy(婴儿期,前期). more significant, they argue that many of the founding fathers knew slavery was wrong—and yet most did little to fight it.
????????more than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. while washington and jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.
????????for one thing, the south could not afford to part with(part with丢掉) its slaves. owning slaves was “like having a large bank account,” says wiencek, author of an imperfect god: george washington, his slaves, and the creation of america. the southern states would not have signed the constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,” including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.
????????and the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery. the three-fifths formula handed jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the electoral college. once in office, jefferson extended slavery with the louisiana purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.
????????still, jefferson freed hemings’s children—though not hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the revolutionary war, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in virginia.

一、文章规划分析这篇文章是谈论文。文章首要论说了美国一些开国功臣对待废奴疑问的情绪和做法，并分析了其缘由。
第一段是关于华盛顿补牙的一个比方，经过总统的轶事引出这篇文章的首要内容。
第二段指出一些开国功臣尽管憎恶奴隶准则，但很少为废奴而斗争。
随后的四个期间分析了这些开国功臣在他们任期内没有扔掉奴隶制的缘由。

36. george washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to.
[a] show the primitive medical practice in the past.
[b] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.
[c] stress the role of slaves in the u.s. history.
[d] reveal some unknown aspect of his life.
36．说到乔治·华盛顿的牙齿手术是为了 。
[a] 阐明曩昔初始的医疗行为
[b] 证明他那个年代奴隶制的残暴
[c] 偏重奴隶制在美国前史上的作用
[d] 戳穿改日子中不为人知的方面

37. we may infer from the second paragraph that.
[a] dna t

echnology has been widely applied to history research.
[b] in its early days the u.s. was confronted with delicate situations.
[c] historians deliberately made up some stories of jefferson’s life.
[d] political compromises are easily found throughout the u.s. history.
37．从第二段咱们可以推知 。
[a] dna 技能现已被广泛使用到前史研讨上
[b] 前期的美国面临着奇妙的境况
[c] 前史学家成心编造了杰斐逊的一些日子故事
[d] 在整个美国前史上政治让步处处可见

38. what do we learn about thomas jefferson?
[a] his political view changed his attitude towards slavery.
[b] his status as a father made him free the child slaves.
[c] his attitude towards slavery was complex.
[d] his affair with a slave stained his prestige.
38．关于托马斯·杰斐逊咱们晓得啥？
[a]他的政治观念改动了他对奴隶制的情绪
[b]父亲的身份使他开释了儿童奴隶
[c]他对奴隶制抱有凌乱的情绪
[d]他与一名奴隶的迷糊联络玷污了其名声

39. which of the following is true according to the text?
[a] some founding fathers benefit politically from slavery.
[b] slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.
[c] slave owners usually had large savings accounts.
[d] slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.
39．根据文章，下面哪一项正确？
[a] 一些开国功臣们在政治上得益于奴隶制。
[b] 曩昔的奴隶没有推举权。
[c] 奴隶主常常具有大笔存款。
[d] 奴隶制被视为一种独特的准则。

40. washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his .
[a] moral considerations.
[b] military experience.
[c] financial conditions.
[d] political stand.
40．华盛顿开释奴隶的抉择源于他的 。
[a]道德思考
[b]军事阅历
[c]经济情况
[d]政治情绪

二、中心词汇与超纲词汇1. bedrock n. 基岩；见识；最小量
2. carve v. 切开；雕刻；构成
3. clause n. 分句；条款
4. extract v. 拔出，提炼出；揣度出
5. from the bottom up 从头，完全完全地
6. part with sth 扔掉，交出
7. spur v. 用马刺刺马；鼓励，鞭挞；推进，加速

三、阅览答案：d b c a b四、全文翻译：?????????1784 年，也就是乔治·华盛顿变成美国总统的前五年，52 岁的他牙齿几乎掉光了。所以他雇了一名牙医往自个口腔里植入了九颗牙，这些牙是从他的奴隶之口中拔出来的。
????????这与大大都人所记住的前史书中华盛顿砍倒樱桃树的形象截然不一样。可是迩来，许多前史学家初步重视奴隶制在开国功臣们的日子中所扮演的人物。他们的快乐喜爱有些源自 1998 年的 dna 根据，它几乎必定地证明晰托马斯·杰斐逊曾与其奴隶萨利·赫明斯育有至少一个孩子。可是专家只在曩昔三十年间才自下而上研讨前史。几位前史学家的作品提示了这些国家前期领导人的道德让步以及重生国家的脆弱性。更意味深远的是，他们认为许多开国功臣明知奴隶制差错，却很稀有人企图推翻它。
????????前史学家认为，最重要的缘由是开国功臣们遭到其时社会文明的捆绑。尽管华盛顿和杰斐逊私下里都表达了对奴隶制的恶感，可是他们也晓得奴隶制是他们尽力创建的国家的政治与经济基石的一有些。一方面，南边不能没有奴隶。《不完满的天主：乔治·华盛顿，他的奴隶和他创造的美利坚》一书的作者温瑟柯称：具有奴隶就如同“具有一笔巨额存款”。假定没有对这种“独特的准则”的维护性条款(其间一项规则黑奴按 3/5 人员核算以保证国会代表权)，南边各州是不会签署宪法的。
????????这些政治家们的政治出路也取决于奴隶制。3/5 规则添加了推举人团准则中南边州的选票数，使杰弗逊在 1800 年大选以微小的优势取胜。他在任总统时刻经过 1803 年的“路易斯安那购地”扩展了奴隶制，这片新国土被区别成 13 个州，其间三个实施奴隶制。
????????可是，杰弗逊给了赫明斯的孩子安适——尽管没有给她自己和其他近 150 名奴隶安适。目睹晓得放战争中黑人兵士的英勇后，华盛顿初步信赖人人生而对等，他不管亲属的激烈对立，在遗言中赋予他的奴隶安适。而只是在那之前十年的弗吉尼亚州，这种行为的施行还要得到立法机关的附和。